Plus, increases in the costs of paper, printing, postage, subscriber list management, and mailing house services, rose significantly. Most recently, American tariffs caused many American advertisers to disappear from publications outside the U.S., due to the challenges of cross-border buying, selling and shipping of antiques on the American side, as well as purchasing resistance of American antiques from the Canadian side. Finally, the business also faced the ongoing national decline of printed magazines and ‘pure antiques’ spaces in Canada.